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Note 27
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The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings In the last 50 years, the work of Edwin Thiele on Hebrew chronology has become widely accepted by evangelicals and secular historians. We will show that his work is most unbiblical despite his claims to the contrary and has problems with the secular historical of other nations. It is very important for any person studying the
Bible to use the Bible and the Bible only as their textbook.
Every work must be compared to the Bible, and every fact discarded as
untrue that does not agree with the Bible.
The Bible is the Word of God, and is pure because it came to fallen man
from a sinless, perfect, all knowing, all seeing God.
It is for this reason that I have included this entire note from The
Annals of the World, by James Ussher, Master Books, ISBN: 089051-360-0, page
913, Appendix D: Evidentiallism – The Bible and Assyrian Chronology. —————— It is refreshing to see the creation movement maturing from the strictly evidential approach of the 60’s and 70’s to the biblically based, axiomatical approach of recent years. This represents a shift in emphasis from science to philosophy, from looking at theories to looking at how to build theories and interpret facts. The emphasis is on the authority of the Bible. Our understanding of the sciences pertaining to origins has been greatly enhanced as a result of using this Bible first approach. One area, which has been almost totally untouched, is the area of biblical chronologies, especially for the period of the divided kingdom. Chronological problems are identical to the problems faced by the creation movement in dealing with the early chapters of Genesis. However, the arguments and logic are not nearly so simplistic and most people surrender when confronted by a wordy argument. Reduced to the simplest terms, we have the same problem we faced in Genesis stated in a more complex way, What is your authority? In this article we will show how Thiele has massaged the biblical data to make it fit with the current understanding of Assyrian chronology. You can guess very accurately which came out second best, the Bible or Assyrian chronology. Thiele stated: {1} "Between the absolute chronology of the Hebrews and that of their neighbours there can be no conflict. If the biblical chronology seems to be at variance with Assyrian chronology, it may be because of errors in the Hebrew records, but it may also be because the data persevered in these records are not correctly understood." This statement sets the tone for Thiele’s work. I was not aware that Assyrian chronology was inspired! Theile’s book, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings has been published three times, 1951 {1}, 1965 {2} and 1983 {3}. There are major revisions between each printing. We will be referring to material from all three printings but wherever possible use the latest printing. Also, we will refer to the work by Leslie McFall in 1991 {4}, which has some minor refinements to Thiele’s chronology. All scripture quotations are from the Modern King James Version and are denoted by MKJV in the reference. {5} The Problem The problem with biblical chronology is that it does not fit with our current understanding of Assyrian chronology. The biblical chronology is too long by about 40 years. Thiele very creatively manipulated the biblical data to eliminate about 40 years of history. He did this by constructing viceroy relationships to collapse the length of a king’s reign by overlapping it with the king’s predecessor. He was the first person we know of to make such a detailed reconstruction of the divided kingdom using this approach. (Rudiments of his scheme can be traced back at least 50 years before him.) By this, he gave his shortened chronology much credibility. Having it published by a well known university press, considerably helped his cause. Let us look at the three dates where Assyrian and biblical history are supposed to intersect. These three dates are the main reason for abridging the biblical chronology. These dates are 841 BC, 853 BC and 701 BC. 841 BC This date is documented on the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III. Theile states: "The date of 841 is established by Jehu’s payment of tribute to Shalmaneser III of Assyria in that year and, together with 853, becomes one of the basic dates in Hebrew history. Although the Bible makes no mention of Jehu’s payment of tribute to Assyria, Shalmaneser III mentions that in the eighteenth year of his reign he went against "Hazael of Aram," shut him up in "Damascus, his royal city," and "received tribute of the men of Tyre, Sidon and of Jehu, the son of Omri." {6} From the Bible, it is easy to deduce that Jehu started to reign about 12 years after the death of Ahab. This would fix the date for the death of Ahab at 853 BC and the first year of Jehu at 841 BC. At first glance this seems to be impeccable evidence for discarding the longer biblical chronology. According to it, Ahab died in 897 BC and Jehu started to reign about 885 BC. If this were so, obviously Jehu would be dead and gone long before Shalmaneser III started to reign. However, remember that very few archaeologists are Christians and most are hostile to the Word of God. Therefore, expect anything they find to be interpreted in the worst possible way to confound Bible believing Christians. Once these interpretations are published, they seem to get a life of all their own and many Christian authors echo them without bothering to check what was actually found. This was the very reason the Christian Church caved in on evolution and why many churches ignore the historical portions of the Old Testament as being unreliable. It is a slippery road to liberalism that is well greased with the opinions of scholars. Fossils and radiometric dating seemed to provide the absolute truth as to the age of the world until someone took the time to see what assumptions are involved. Likewise, in this case it is extremely important to determine what was actually found and ignore the just so stories that became associated with the find. I had to search many sources before I found one that was honest enough to admit what was really found and what it meant. The basis of what Thiele stated comes from the inscriptions found on the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III. I found the following in a Bible dictionary. "The text depicts Shalmaneser’s triumphs over several kingdoms of Syria and the West. Of special interest to Bible students is one panel in the second row in which a bearded Semite bows before the king while his servants present gifts. The text refers to the humble suppliant as Jehu, son of Omri (a name by which all Israelite kings were identified, whether of the Omride dynasty or not) and describes the gifts he brought. The event, apparently from the year 841 B.C., gives us the earliest surviving picture of an Israelite and shows how such a person might have appeared to an Assyrian sculptor. There is no evidence, however, that the obelisk was actually depicting the Israelite monarch Jehu."{7} So, except for the fact we are not certain of the actual date of the obelisk and who is in the picture, we are in fine shape! Just as the Israelite kings were described as sons of Omri, when many were not, likewise many may have been identified with the name Jehu. We do not have enough evidence from secular history to determine this. Therefore, if someone dogmatically states this was indeed Jehu and the event occurred in 841 BC, you might ask him this: "If a man was arrested for murder and the evidence that would convict him was of the same nature as you give for this obelisk, could you convince a jury of twelve beyond the shadow of a reasonable doubt of the veracity of your statement?" The last statement in the preceding quotation from the Bible dictionary is very important. Very few Bible dictionaries will be willing to give you the whole story. Indeed, we still do not know if we have the whole story. 853 BC This was the date of the famous battle of Qarqar that was fought between Shalmaneser III and an anti-Assyrian coalition. The Bible dictionary lists A-ha-ab-bu Sir’-i-la-a-a as supplying 2000 chariots and 10,000 men for this battle. A-ha-ab-bu is taken to mean Ahab. Sir’-i-la-a-a is taken to mean Israel. {8} This is given as proof positive that the Ahab of 1 Kings was present at this battle. This word may be translated Ahab but that does not prove that it was the King Ahab of the Bible. Several possibilities exist. In ancient history, it is the rule, not the exception, that different writers gave the same person different names. Consider this example: "After Laborosoarchodus, who was disposed of by his subjects for his acts of villany, Nebuchadnezzar’s grandchild by his daughter succeeded him. The new king was his son by Evilmerodach and called by Berosus, Nabonidus, but by Herodotus, Labynitus, by Abydenus, Nabannidochus and by Daniel, Belshazzar or Baltazar."{9} Nebuchadnezzar’s grandson had at least four or five different names depending on who wrote the history! Just because you see an historian use a name that is the same as a name mentioned elsewhere by a different historian, you cannot assume both historians are referring to the same individual. You must study the context to be sure. This is the major failing of Assyrian history. Because the material is so scanty and fragmentary, we often do not have enough information to be absolutely sure about who we are reading about and if we are interpreting it correctly. However, that has never stopped a scholar from spinning a good story about what he thinks it says. If he has enough prestige, his story will soon become the gospel. Another possibility is that the person in command of the force was a general of a king of Israel and not the king himself. Saul, David, Solomon and Pekah had generals over their armies and the names are recorded in the scriptures. The story may be improbable given the events that happened during Ahab’s reign. He suffered a three year drought that destroyed most of the livestock in the kingdom. Just a few years before this alleged event at Qarqar took place, Ahab was invaded by Benhadad. In that battle, Ahab was scarcely able to muster 7000 soldiers much less any chariots or horseman. However, the story is that he sent 10,000 troops and 2000 chariots to this battle at Qarqar. This was no small force, especially considering the large number of chariots. No doubt some king from Israel sent an army to the battle of Qarqar. However, it was not likely King Ahab. We shall see later when we look at the biblical problems, how much the texts of the Bible were twisted to force Ahab into this later time period when the battle of Qarqar took place. 701 BC We are not certain why this date is essential to Thiele’s chronology. If Thiele had not made this synchronisation with Hezekiah, he would have had much less criticism of his scheme. Thiele conjectures that this was the date that Sennacherib invaded Hezekiah in the 14th year of his reign. By forcing this synchronisation, Thiele ignores several synchronisations of the biblical text. We shall discuss this under the heading of the "Third Biblical Example". Biblical Considerations The main problem with Thiele’s chronology is the violence it does to the scriptures. To remove about 40 years from a chronology, as well defined as the one we have in the Bible, requires some very creative exegesis or worse, discarding numbers that do not fit our preconceived ideas. This is a classic case of starting with evidence outside the Bible and making the Bible say what we want to hear. In the preface to the third edition, Thiele stated: {10} "The only basis for a sound chronology of the period to be discussed is a completely unbiased use of biblical statements in the light of all other knowledge we can bring to bear on the problem, notably the history and chronology of the ancient Near East." This statement indicates Theile’s approach to the Word of God and secular history. For Thiele used the supposed dates from Assyrian chronology, which allegedly intersect with the biblical chronology, to force fit the biblical data into the mould of secular chronology. We will only deal with the most serious problems in his work. First Biblical Example To collapse the biblical history, you must create overlapping reigns of kings so that the total length of the period is significantly shortened. The fun really begins with Uzziah. Up until then, the dates on Thiele’s and McFall’s chronology are within a couple of years of the one derived by the longer biblical chronology. As we said, there is very little disagreement with the longer reconstruction for the first 150 years even to the 12 year viceroyship of Jeroboam II with Jehoash. At this point, Thiele stated that in the 27th year of Jeroboam, Uzziah became sole king and that he had a viceroy relationship with his father for 24 years. The only rationale for selecting a 24 year period is that Thiele can make it fit with current archaeological expectations. Again, Josephus and all the writers before this century never guessed that there was a viceroyship of any length, much less 24 years for Uzziah. The Bible says: "And they brought him (Amaziah, Uzziah’s father) on horses, and he was buried at Jerusalem with his fathers in the city of David. And all the people of Judah took Azariah (Uzziah) who was sixteen years old and made him king in place of his father Amaziah."(2 Kings 14:20,21 MKJV) "In the twenty-seventh year of Jeroboam king of Israel, Azariah the son of Amaziah (Uzziah) king of Judah began to reign. He was sixteen years old when he began to reign and he reigned fifty-two years in Jerusalem."(2 Kings 15:1,2 MKJV) By all rules of exegesis, one would conclude that Uzziah was made king when he was 16 years old after the death of his father. This event happened in the 27th year of Jeroboam. Not so according to Thiele! A little arithmetic will show that it is rather difficult to be made king 8 years before you were born! For if you came to the throne when you were 16 but had been a viceroy with your father for 24 years already, you were made viceroy 8 years before you were born! According to Thiele, McFall and others the text is incorrect. It should read in the 3rd year of Jeroboam not the 27th. {11} By happy chance, by having Uzziah as viceroy for 24 years, Thiele can manipulate the rest of the numbers for Uzziah’s reign without violating too many synchronisms. Before we proceed to the next example, a little historical note is of interest. Thiele was not the first one to propose Uzziah’s imaginary viceroy relationship. We found it in a very old Bible produced at the turn of the century and in the 1909 International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia (ISBE). {12} The latter also documents this non-existent viceroy relationship that Uzziah had with his father for exactly the same period of 24 years. However, it creates a 12 year viceroy relationship between Uzziah and his son, Jotham and has Pekah becoming king in the 52nd year of Uzziah as one would expect. Unless one checked the Bible and found out that Pekah ruled for 20 years one would not notice a problem. However, the ISBE chart shows Pekah coming to the throne in 736 BC. This means his rule finished in 717 BC four years after the fall of Samaria in 721 BC. I guess Pekah had so much bureaucracy that the message took four years to get to the man at the top! Imagine a king reigning for four years with no kingdom! No doubt some wag pointed out this piece of illogic to the theological experts and this view was quietly dropped. This brings us to the next example and how Thiele found another place to delete these 12 years from the chronology. Second Biblical Example To delete the 12 years requires incredible ingenuity. Thiele worked on the reign of Pekah just as the ISBE had done many years earlier. Read the following scripture texts carefully: "In the thirty-ninth year of Azariah (Uzziah) king of Judah, Menahem the son of Gadi began to reign over Israel, ten years in Samaria."(2 Kings 15:17 MKJV) "And Menahem slept with his fathers. And Pekahiah his son reigned in his place. In the fiftieth year of Uzziah king of Judah, Pekahiah the son of Menahem began to reign over Israel in Samaria, two years. ... But Pekah the son of Remaliah, a commander of his, conspired against him and struck him in Samaria, in the palace of the king’s house, with Argob and Arieh, and fifty men of the Gileadites with him. And he killed him and reigned in his place. ... In the fifty-second year of Uzziah king of Judah, Pekah the son of Remaliah began to reign over Israel in Samaria, twenty years."(2 Kings 15:22-27 MKJV) There are two views on how to understand this passage. a) The traditional view to those who are not under the influence of modern scholarship is this. Menahem reigned for 10 years, followed by his son, Pekahiah, who reigned for two years. Pekahiah was murdered by his commander, Pekah, who in turn reigned for 20 years. By normal rules of exegesis, this would be the most normal way to understand the text. Accession dating {13} is used in all these examples.
Uzziah Regal Northern Kingdom King Year 39 Menahem, 10 years (#2Ki 15:17) 50 Pekahiah, 2 years (#2Ki 15:23) 52 Pekah, 20 years (#2Ki 15:27) 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52-Years of Uzziah 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -Reign of Menahem 1 2 -Reign of Pekahiah 1-Reign of Pekah
b) Both Thiele and McFall would have the diagram look like this:
39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52-Years of Uzziah 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 -Reign of Menahem 1 2 -Reign of Pekahiah 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13-Reign of Pekah
Absolutely no biblical justification is given for starting the reign of Pekah in the 39th year of Uzziah. They say Pekah was a rival king in Gilead to both Menahem and Pekahiah and Pekah really started his sole reign in the 52nd year of Uzziah. The Bible says that Pekah was the captain of Pekahiah, not a rival king reigning in Gilead. Further, the Bible says Pekah started to reign in the 52nd year not the 39th year of Uzziah. Lets look at all the kings of the Northern Kingdom who were dated by the reign of Uzziah.
Uzziah Regal Year Northern Kingdom King 38 Zachariah, 6 months (#2Ki 15:8) 39 Shallum, 1 month (#2Ki 15:13) 39 Menahem, 10 years (#2Ki 15:17) 50 Pekahiah, 2 years (#2Ki 15:23) 52 Pekah, 20 years (#2Ki 15:27)
By all rules of exegesis, one would think these kings in the Northern Kingdom reigned sequentially. Not so if you have the guide of enlightened scholarship. It is obvious that Menahem’s and Pekahiah’s reigns overlap the first 12 years of Pekah’s reign, or is it? Both Thiele and McFall wrest the obvious meaning of the Bible. {#2Ki 15:25,27} There is absolutely no biblical justification for this. Indeed, they use different rules when it suits them. In the first example we gave, they said the synchronisation date referred to the time when Uzziah was made viceroy. In this case, they say the synchronisation refers to the time when Pekah became sole king. You cannot have it both ways and no matter which way Thiele and McFall go, they create logical inconsistencies in the text. Further the just so story they created about Pekah is pure fiction and contradicts the Bible. {#2Ki 15:25} Pekah was a commander of Pekahiah and not a rival king to him! Third Biblical Example Thiele holds to a synchronisation for the year 701 BC to make it the 14th year of the reign of Hezekiah when Sennacherib invaded Judah. Thiele is forced to discard three synchronisations to do this. According to the Bible: a) Hezekiah started to reign in the 3rd year of Hoshea. {#2Ki 18:1,2} b) In the 6th year of Hezekiah and the 9th year of Hoshea, Israel was captured. {#2Ki 18:10} c) In the 12th year of Ahaz, Hoshea began to reign over Israel. {#2Ki 17:1} Thiele claims these are late amendments to the biblical text and is honest enough to admit he cannot make these verses fit his chronology. In forcing this synchronisation, Theile has the reign of Hezekiah and his son, Manasseh, co-reigning together for at least 11 years. There is absolutely no biblical evidence to support this aside from this forced synchronisation. Thiele also runs into problems with the secular chronology of Babylon. The Bible says that Hezekiah was visited by representatives from Merodachbaladan, the king of Babylon. According to our understanding of Ptolemy’s canon, this king ruled in Babylon from 721-710 BC and then died. If Thiele did not try to force this connection with Sennacherib for the year 701 BC, he would not have had this problem. According to Assyrian chronology, this Sennacherib, whoever he was, went on and reigned for a number of years after this invasion. The Bible states he returned to his own land and was killed by his sons. {#2Ki 19:36,37} No great time is implied between the unsuccessful invasion and his untimely death. According to Tobit in the Apocrypha, Sennacherib returned and conducted ethnic cleansing to rid the land of Jews. About 55 days after his return, he was murdered by his two sons. {#/APC Tob 1:15-22} Verse 15 states that Sennacherib’s estate was troubled. This may refer to the loss of the 185,000 men in the campaign against Hezekiah. {#2Ki 19:35} If so, it would account for Sennacherib’s fury against any Jews he found. McFall tries to salvage the synchronisms that Thiele discards by saying Hezekiah reigned as viceroy with his father for the first 16 years of his reign. Then he commenced his sole reign after the death of his father in 715 BC. Thereby, the synchronisations Thiele could not make fit, McFall does. (This solution is not new and was proposed 40 years ago in the New Bible Dictionary. Thiele never accepted it.) This creates some real exegetical problems for in the 6th year of Hezekiah, Israel fell and in the 14th year Hezekiah was invaded by Sennacherib. By all rules of logic, you would assume about 8 years elapsed between these events. Wrong! According to the New Math over 22 years elapsed if you use Thiele’s dates of 723 BC for the fall of Israel and 701 BC for the invasion by Sennacherib! McFall tries to wiggle out of this by claiming the first date (6th year) was from the time Hezekiah was made viceroy with his father and the second date (14th year) was dated from the time Hezekiah became sole king. How would anyone know this if he was reading just the Bible? Earlier Bible dictionaries like the 1909 ISBE did not require this synchronisation and we really wonder if it is required either. The biblical record does not list all the invasions and battles that Israel and Judah fought. Also the name for the same person, may not resemble the name given to him in another country. Ancient history abounds with examples of this. Other Issues There are many more problems with Thiele’s chronology (and McFall’s amendments) which space does not permit us to deal with. How much time do you want to waste refuting a defective system? Until we get good biblical answers for the 24 year viceregency of Uzziah and the 12 year overlap of Pekah with the other kings of Israel, not to mention the many conflicts introduced by these changes, we should not surrender the older, longer chronology of the Bible. Since most historians for the Eygpt period have blindly accepted Thiele’s dates, they are labouring under a 40 to 50 year error when they try to align Egyptian history with biblical history. Egyptian history is challenging enough being handicapped by the errors introduced by Thiele’s dating procedures! It is most amusing to see them conjecture who the pharaoh of the exodus was in 1446 BC when the biblical date for the exodus is closer to 1491 BC! Conclusion The arbitrary nature in which Thiele and McFall handle the text is obvious. They create imaginary viceroy relationships when it suits them. Sometimes they count years from when a king became a viceroy, sometimes from when he became sole king. The only reason for this is to escape the logical contradictions they created by their initial assumptions. The longer chronology consistently measures time from when a king became viceroy. This procedure is in accord with the oldest Talmudic understanding of how this was done. Thiele and Mcfall sweep aside methods of interpretation that are derived from the most ancient writers, in favour of a new capricious way of handling the text according to the external dictates of archaeology. Their work has indeed rendered the numbers of the Hebrew Kings most mysterious. Christians have largely abdicated the fields of history and archaeology to those who are worldly wise. Many have been told, even in Bible Colleges, that the historical portions of the Bible are unreliable. This is hardly faith building! Fifty years ago, most Christians did not have ready access to the wealth of material we have today concerning science and evolution. We can thank Dr. Henry Morris and others who have followed in his steps for this. We do not have all the answers about Assyrian chronology and how it fits with the Bible. However, we must learn the same lesson about history as we learned about science. True science does not conflict with the Bible. Likewise, true history agrees with and does not refute the scriptures. Pray that God will raise up Christians in the field of history to help us write a true history that honours the Bible. Lewis Dabney was a voice crying in the wilderness 140 years ago. He recognised most clearly the problems and sounded a warning against the dangers of science, falsely so called to the church. No one listened and the church madly pursued a course of compromise which would have destroyed her, but for the grace of God. At that time he said concerning attacks made by geologists against the Bible: {14} "The authority of the Bible, as our rule of faith, is demonstrated by its own separate and independent evidences, literary history, moral, internal, prophetical. It is found by the geologist in possession of the field, and he must assume the aggressive, and positively dislodge it from its position. The defender of the Bible need only stand on the defensive. That is, the geologist must not content himself with saying that his hypothesis, which is opposed to Bible teachings, is plausible, that it cannot be scientifically refuted, that it may adequately satisfy the requirements of all the physical phenomena to be accounted for. All this is naught, as a successful assault on us. We are not bound to retreat until he has constructed an absolutely exclusive demonstration of his hypothesis; until he has shown, by strict scientific proofs, not only that his hypothesis may be the true one, but that it alone can be the only true one; that it is impossible any other can exclude it." What applies to attacks on the Bible from geology applies equally to attacks from historians and archaeologists. The Bible is the only book that provides a continuous history from creation down to the death of Nebuchadnezzar. More importantly, the Bible is the inspired Word of God and is without error. Assyrian chronology is not inspired and is fraught with errors. Both Thiele and McFall have too low a view of inspiration. If what they claim is true, why should we ever trust any historical portion in the Bible until it has been interpreted by the sure word of the archaeologist. Are we to trust the fallible word of archaeologists and historians, who have yet to get their first theory right? Or are we to trust the infallible Word written by God, who has yet to make his first mistake? {15} References 1. Edwin Thiele, 1951, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill. 2. Edwin Thiele, 1965, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, MI. 3. Edwin Thiele, 1983, The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings, Zondervan Corp., Grand Rapids, MI. 4. Leslie Mcfall, 1991, A Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles Bibliotheca Sacra, Volume 148, Number 589, January-March 1991 Issue. 5. Jay Green, 1990, Modern King James Version, Sovereign Grace Trust Fund, Lafayette, Indiana. 6. Ibid 3, p. 103,104; Ibid 2, p. 66; Ibid 1, p. 62. 7. Entry "Shalmaneser, Black Obelisk of", p. 409, New International Dictionary of Biblical Archaeology, 1983, Zondervan Publishing House, Grand rapids, MI. 8. Ibid 7, Entry "Qarqar", p. 376. 9. James Ussher, 1650, Annales Veteris Testamenti, J. Flesher & L. Sadler, London, England, p. 139. (This work is in Latin. A new English translation is scheduled for publication in September of 2000 AD. The paragraph number in that work is 908.) 10. Ibid. 3, p. 16; Ibid 2, p. vi; Ibid 1, p. vi. 11. Ibid 3, p. 119; Ibid 2. p. 83; Ibid 1; p. 68-70. Each edition treats this matter in less detail than the previous edition. 12. Article, "Chronology of the Old Testament", vol. 1, p. 640, The International Bible Encyclopaedia, 1929, Hendrickson Publishers, Peabody, MA., (The original publication was published in 1909. Editor.) 13. Accession dating means that a king did not start counting his years of reign until the Jewish New Year was past. So the length of his reign is really given in the number of Jewish New Years he celebrated. According to the Bible this was in Nisan. (Exodus 12:2) According to Thiele and McFall, the godly Southern Kingdom used Tishri (about October) and the ungodly Northern Kingdom used Nisan (about April.) No convincing proof is given except they say the it works. 14. Robert Lewis Dabney, 1982, Discussions of Robert Lewis Dabney, Banner of Truth Trust, Carlisle, PA, vol. 3, p. 136 15. A detailed outline of the longer chronology is available from the author. In it, he considers all the numbers in not just Kings and Chronicles but from the prophets as well. All popular problems with the chronology are addressed in detail. |